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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Error message</span></span>
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<p>An <b>error message</b> is the information displayed when an unforeseen problem occurs, usually on a <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer</a> or other device. Modern operating systems with <a href="Graphical_user_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical user interfaces">graphical user interfaces</a>, often display error messages using dialog boxes. Error messages are used when user intervention is required, to indicate that a desired operation has failed, or to relay important warnings (such as warning a computer user that they are almost out of <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk</a> space). Error messages are seen widely throughout computing, and are part of every <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> or <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> device. The proper design of error messages is an important topic in <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> and other fields of <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_error_messages">Common error messages</h2></div>
<p>The following error messages are commonly seen by modern computer users:
</p>
<dl><dt>Access denied</dt>
<dd>This error occurs if the user does not have privileges to a <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>, or if it has been <a href="File_locking" title="File locking">locked</a> by some program or user.</dd>
<dt>Device not ready</dt>
<dd>This error most often occurs when there is no <a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> (or a bad disk) in the disk drive and the system tries to perform tasks involving that disk.</dd>
<dt>Disk Boot Failure</dt>
<dd>This error message is commonly seen when the hard drive of the computer is having problems. If the computer can boot from a network, it may instead display the message "Media test failure, check cable".</dd>
<dt>File not found</dt>
<dd>The file concerned may have been damaged, moved, deleted, or a <a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a> may have caused the error. Alternatively, the file might not exist, or the user has mistyped its name. This is most commonly seen on the internet with outdated links to web pages that <a href="Link_rot" title="Link rot">no longer exist</a>. On a local computer, this is more frequent on <a href="Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interfaces</a> than on <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> where files are presented <a href="Computer_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer icon">iconically</a> and users do not type file names.</dd>
<dt>Low Disk Space</dt>
<dd>This error occurs when the hard drive is (nearly) full. To fix this, the user should close some programs (to free <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">swap file</a> usage) and delete some files (normally temporary files, or other files after they have been backed up), or get a bigger hard drive.</dd>
<dt><a href="Out_of_memory" title="Out of memory">Out of memory</a></dt>
<dd>This error occurs when the system has run out of memory or tries to load a file too large to store in <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>. The fix is to close some programs or install more physical memory.</dd>
<dt>[program name] has stopped working.</dt>
<dd>This message and similar ones are displayed by several operating systems when program causes a <a href="General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">general protection fault</a> or invalid <a href="Page_fault" title="Page fault">page fault</a>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_error_messages">Specific error messages</h2></div>
<ul><li>? - the <a href="Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed text editor</a> will infamously reply with a single question mark for nearly all error conditions.</li>
<li><a href="Abort%2C_Retry%2C_Fail%3F" title="Abort, Retry, Fail?">Abort, Retry, Fail?</a> - A notoriously confusing error message seen in <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> </li>
<li><a href="Bad_command_or_file_name" title="Bad command or file name">Bad command or file name</a> - Another notoriously common and confusing error message seen in <a href="MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">MS-DOS</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Blue_Screen_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Screen of Death">Blue Screen of Death</a> - On Microsoft Windows and ReactOS operating systems, this screen appears when Windows or ReactOS can no longer run because of a severe error.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is roughly analogous to a <a href="Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">kernel panic</a> on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, or <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Can't_extend" class="mw-redirect" title="Can't extend">Can't extend</a> - an error message from <a href="Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn</a> <a href="Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a>. DFS stores files in non-fragmented contiguous disk space, this error is caused when trying to extend an open random-access file into space that is already occupied by another file.</li>
<li><a href="Guru_Meditation" title="Guru Meditation">Guru Meditation</a> - an error message from the <a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, roughly analogous to a kernel panic or BSOD, also adopted by more recent products such as <a href="VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>.</li>
<li><a href="HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">HTTP 404</a> - A file not found error seen on the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, usually resulting from a link to a page that has been moved or deleted, or a mistyped URL</li>
<li><a href="Lp0_on_fire" title="Lp0 on fire">lp0 on fire</a> - A Unix warning that the printer may be "on fire", literally or not</li>
<li><a href="Not_a_typewriter" title="Not a typewriter">Not a typewriter</a> - A Unix error message that is confusing due to its now obsolete use of the word "<a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>", and which is sometimes output when the nature of the error is seemingly entirely different</li>
<li><a href="PC_LOAD_LETTER" title="PC LOAD LETTER">PC LOAD LETTER</a> - An error on several HP laser printers that simply asked the user to add "Letter" size paper in a confusing way<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Syntax_error" title="Syntax error">SYNTAX ERROR</a> - Seen on many computer systems when the received instructions are in a format they don't understand</li>
<li><a href="HTTP_504" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 504">HTTP 504</a> - An error found on the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> stating that a gateway timeout occurred in the internet link.</li>
<li>Error 1603 - An error that states that a problem during installation of a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>, this error particularly occurs on <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> computer systems.</li>
<li><application name> has stopped - An error message commonly found on <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices, which states a current running application unexpectedly stops working or crashes.</li>
<li>Success - one of the error messages (in this instance, <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>) that occurs when the program has detected an error condition, yet the actual error message printing routine relies on <a href="C_library" class="mw-redirect" title="C library">C library</a> to print the error reported by the operating system (in this case, <a href="Errno.h" title="Errno.h">errno.h</a>), while the underlying <a href="System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> have succeeded and report no errors (in this case, <code>errno == 0</code>). This is a form of sloppy error handling that is particularly confusing for the user.</li>
<li>[Connection Time Out Error Mac] - Error occurs on Mac systems when it takes more time to connect wireless networks.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fail_pets">Fail pets</h2></div>
<p>With the rise of Web 2.0 services such as <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, end-user facing error messages such as <a href="HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">HTTP 404</a> and <a href="HTTP_500" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 500">HTTP 500</a> started to be displayed with whimsical characters, termed Fail Pets or Error Mascots. The term "Fail Pet" was coined, or at least first used in print, by Mozilla Engineer Fred Wenzel in a post on his blog entitled "Why Wikipedia might need a fail-pet — and why Mozilla does not."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Sean Rintel argues that error messages are a critical strategic moment in <a href="Brand_awareness" title="Brand awareness">brand awareness</a> and loyalty. Fail pets are of interest to marketers because they can result in brand recognition (especially through <a href="Earned_media" title="Earned media">earned media</a>). "However, that same recognition carries the danger of highlighting service failure."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous fail pet is Twitter's <a href="Fail_Whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fail Whale">Fail Whale</a> (see <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> service outages). Other fail pets include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>: Moon Shark (March 3, 2013)</li>
<li><a href="FarmVille" title="FarmVille">FarmVille</a> on Facebook: Sad cow.</li>
<li><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>: Octocat</li>
<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>: Broken robot (March 2, 2011)</li>
<li><a href="ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a>: Cloud with Apple System 7 emoticon-style face and a magnifying glass</li>
<li><a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>: <a href="Macintosh_startup#Sad_Mac" title="Macintosh startup">Sad Mac</a></li>
<li><a href="Palliser_Furniture" title="Palliser Furniture">Palliser Furniture</a>: Between the cushions (January 31, 2018)</li>
<li><a href="Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>: Tumbeasts (January 25, 2011)</li>
<li><a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>: Fail Whale / Twitter Robot (July 30, 2008)</li>
<li><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>: Televisions (on main site), light static inside video window (embedded video)</li>
<li><a href="Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>: BMO [Asia]: Domo</li>
<li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>: T-Rex</li>
<li><a href="Patreon" title="Patreon">Patreon</a>: <a href="Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a> with a helmet floating in <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a></li>
<li><a href="VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a>: Sad Vkontakte dog</li>
<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a>: Giga scratching their head</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Message_format">Message format</h2></div>
<p>The form that error messages take varies between operating systems and programs.
</p><p>Error messages on hardware devices, like computer peripherals, may take the form of dedicated lights indicating an error condition, a brief code that needs to be interpreted using a look-up sheet or a manual, or via a more detailed message on a display.
</p><p>On computers, error messages may take the form of text printed to a console, or they may be presented as part of a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>. Error messages are often presented as a <a href="Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog box</a>, which makes them cause a following <a href="Mode_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode error">mode error</a> in the user interaction. In many cases the original error can be avoided by error prevention techniques. Instead of raising an error message the system design should have avoided the conditions that caused the error.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>While various graphical user interfaces have different conventions for displaying error messages, several techniques have become common:
</p>
<ul><li>A <b>dialog box</b>, or <b>pop-up message</b>, appears in a window on the screen, blocking further interaction with the computer until it is acknowledged. On Mac OS X, <b>sheets</b> are a form of dialog box that are attached to a specific window.</li>
<li><b>Notification icons</b> appear to notify a user about a condition without interrupting their work. On Windows, notification icons appear in the System Tray. On Mac OS X, notification icons may appear in the menu bar, or may take the form of an application's icon "bouncing" in the Dock. The <a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> user interface for Unix systems can display notification icons in a panel.</li>
<li>Minor errors may be displayed in a <b>status bar</b>, a small portion of an application's window that can display brief messages to the user.</li></ul>
<p>The three main factors<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that influence the design of error messages are technical limitations, the amount of information to be presented, and what kind of user input is required.
</p><p>Some systems have technical limitations that may constrain the amount of information an error message can contain. For example, a printer with a sixteen-character alphanumeric display can only show a very limited amount of information at once, so it may need to display very terse error messages. Even with computer monitors, the programmer must consider the smallest monitor that a user might reasonably use, and ensure that any error messages will fit on that screen.
</p><p>The nature of the error determines the amount of information required to effectively convey the error message. A complex issue may require a more detailed error message in order to adequately inform the user of the problem.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>
<p>When designing error messages, software designers should take care to avoid creating security vulnerabilities. The designer should give the user enough information to make an intelligent decision, but not so much information that the user is overwhelmed or confused. Extraneous information may be hidden by default or placed in a separate location. Error message should not expose information that can be exploited by a <a href="Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">cracker</a> to obtain information that is otherwise difficult to obtain. Examples are <a href="Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">systems</a> which may show either "invalid user" or "invalid password" depending on which is incorrect, and the error page in the <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> <a href="Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS 5.0</a> which provides a complete technical description of the error including a source code fragment.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Alert_dialog_box" title="Alert dialog box">Alert dialog box</a></li>
<li><a href="Definitive_diagnostic_data" title="Definitive diagnostic data">Definitive diagnostic data</a></li>
<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>
<li><a href="Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li>
<li><a href="User_error" title="User error">User error</a></li>
<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>
<li><a href="Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception handling</a></li>
<li><a href="Medium_error" title="Medium error">Medium error</a></li>
<li><a href="Does_not_compute" title="Does not compute">Does not compute</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin2000" class="citation book cs1">Raskin, Jef (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D39vjmLfO3kC&pg=PA178">"6-4-2: Messages to the User"</a>. <i>The Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems</i>. ACM Press Series. Addison-Wesley. p. 178. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-201-37937-2</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508152354/http://winwriters.com/articles/message/index.html">"Non-Fatal Errors: Creating usable, effective error messages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winwriters.com/articles/message/index.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-16</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Error_messages" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Error messages">Error messages</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alistapart.com/articles/amoreuseful404/">A more useful 404 (A List Apart)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2010/08/avoid-being-embarrassed-by-your-error-messages.php">Avoid being embarrassed by your error messages (UX Matters)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooper.com/journal/2012/01/oops_i_ruined_your_life.html">Oops! I ruined your life. :) (Cooper Journal)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825150411/http://www.cooper.com/journal/2012/01/oops_i_ruined_your_life.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Error_messages90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System failure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bomb_(icon)" title="Bomb (icon)">Bomb icon</a></li>
<li><a href="Fatal_system_error" title="Fatal system error">Fatal system error</a></li>
<li><a href="Guru_Meditation" title="Guru Meditation">Guru Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li>
<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>
<li><a href="Xbox_360_technical_problems" title="Xbox 360 technical problems">Red Ring of Death</a></li>
<li><a href="Macintosh_startup#Sad_Mac" title="Macintosh startup">Sad Mac</a></li>
<li><a href="Screen_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen of death">Screen of death</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blue_screen_of_death" title="Blue screen of death">Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_screen_of_death" title="Black screen of death">Black</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application failure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abnormal_end" class="mw-redirect" title="Abnormal end">ABEND</a></li>
<li><a href="Fatal_exception_error" title="Fatal exception error">Fatal exception error</a></li>
<li><a href="Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device and data errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="HTTP_402" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 402">HTTP 402</a></li>
<li><a href="HTTP_403" title="HTTP 403">HTTP 403</a></li>
<li><a href="HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">HTTP 404</a></li>
<li><a href="HTTP_500" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 500">HTTP 500</a></li>
<li><a href="Lp0_on_fire" title="Lp0 on fire">lp0 on fire</a></li>
<li><a href="Not_a_typewriter" title="Not a typewriter">Not a typewriter</a></li>
<li><a href="PC_LOAD_LETTER" title="PC LOAD LETTER">PC LOAD LETTER</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abort%2C_Retry%2C_Fail%3F" title="Abort, Retry, Fail?">Abort, Retry, Fail?</a></li>
<li><a href="Bad_command_or_file_name" title="Bad command or file name">Bad command or file name</a></li>
<li><a href="Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(computing)" title="Halt and Catch Fire (computing)">Halt and Catch Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">HTTP 418</a></li>
<li><a href="Out_of_memory" title="Out of memory">Out of memory</a></li>
<li><a href="Does_not_compute" title="Does not compute">Does not compute</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">List of HTTP status codes</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_FTP_server_return_codes" title="List of FTP server return codes">List of FTP server return codes</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_SMTP_server_return_codes" title="List of SMTP server return codes">List of SMTP server return codes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Spinning_pinwheel" title="Spinning pinwheel">Spinning pinwheel</a></li>
<li><a href="Windows_wait_cursor" title="Windows wait cursor">Windows wait cursor</a></li>
<li><a href="2024_CrowdStrike-related_IT_outages" title="2024 CrowdStrike-related IT outages">2024 CrowdStrike-related IT outages</a></li></ul>
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